silybin

Comprehensive review demonstrating silybin's anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, antifibrotic, antioxidant, and liver-regenerating properties, though notes that further well-designed randomized trials are needed despite encouraging preclinical data.

Study found that silybin inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in high-fat diet-fed mice, demonstrating mechanisms for its protective effects against NAFLD through the SIRT2 pathway.

Research demonstrated that silybin restored CYP3A enzyme expression in NAFLD models through the SIRT2/NF-κB pathway, suggesting it may help normalize drug metabolism capacity in fatty liver disease.

Study in dogs showed that supplements containing silybin and S-acetyl-glutathione significantly increased erythrocyte glutathione levels after two weeks, demonstrating antioxidant benefits for liver support.

Research comparing silybin derivatives found that 2,3-dehydrosilybin, 7-O-methylsilybin, and 7-O-galloylsilybin showed better growth inhibitory effects against bladder, colon, and prostate cancer cells compared to standard silybin.

Study demonstrated that silybin induces blood vessel relaxation through TRPV4 channel activation, suggesting potential cardiovascular benefits and mechanisms for blood pressure regulation.

Research showed that cyclodextrin-complexed silybin improved bioavailability and effectively restored both liver and gut microbiome balance in NAFLD models, addressing multiple disease mechanisms simultaneously.

Clinical study comparing bioavailability of two milk thistle formulations in healthy volunteers, providing data on optimal absorption of silybin isomers from different supplement preparations.